Galahad Myth ~ ARTHURIAN LEGEND (Wales, England, France) ~ First named in the Vulgate Cycle, he is the illegitimate son of Lancelot and Elaine of Corbenic, daughter of Pelles of Listeneise (a Grail-keeper). Lancelot was tricked into thinking that Elaine was Guinevere. Merlin prophesied that Galahad would be greater than his father. He was raised in a nunnery by his great aunt and then taken to Camelot when he came of age. Like Arthur, he is the only other able to pull a Sword from the Stone. Because of his valor and chastity, he is the only knight able to safely sit on the Siege Perilous, a chair at the Round Table for the Grail Knight (It was fatal for a lesser knight to sit there). He carried the Shield of Evelake and King David’s Sword. After Arthur knighted him, Galahad had a vision of the Grail. With Percival and Bors, he sets out on the Quest. Later, they meet up with Percival’s strangely knowledgeable sister, Dindrane. After Dindrane dies, the trio separates for a while, but then reunites to go to either Castle Corbenic or the city of Sarras. There they find the grail, but only pure Galahad is able to attain it. He dies in Sarras and is buried next to Dindrane. In the Medieval Era, the Christ-like Galahad was used as a way to attempt a relationship between the Christian and "pagan" Celtic beliefs. Learn More: EarlyBritishKingdoms: Galahad. The Show (Stargåte SG-1) ~ Merlin mistakes Daniel for him (1011 – The Quest).

Gawain Myth ~ ARTHURIAN LEGEND (Wales, England, France) ~ (Also: Gawan, Gauvain, Walewein; compared to the Welsh warrior Gwalchmei ("Hawk of May")) Gawain of Orkney is the eldest son of Morgause (Morgan) and Lot, and the nephew of Arthur. He is the brother of Agravain, Gaheris, and Gareth; and the half-brother of Mordred. According to the Didot-Perceval (The Romance of Percival in Prose), he had a sister, Elaine. His horse is named Gringolet. He appeared in Welsh legends prior to Geoffrey of Monmouth (as Gwalchmei). He was called the "Perfect Knight," and was the most prominent of the knights as well as Guinevere’s champion. He was also the enemy of Lancelot. He was Arthur’s nephew as well as his heir. Gawain was the paradigm of chivalry, although in later tales he became a womanizer, as many women loved him (even if they did not know him) because he was such a great knight. He was the standard of valor, however he lacked discipline, patience, and humility. Gawain (as well as Gwalchmei) was compared to solar deities (namely Cuchulainn). As the sun rose and moved through the sky, Gawain grew in physical strength. His strength peaked at noon and waned as the sun set. As the stories evolved, other knights became more prominent; Lancelot, Galahad, and Tristan. Gawain became less chivalrous. It is said that he almost found the grail, but was denied because of his sinfulness. Later Gawain and Lancelot engaged in a duel. Lancelot inflicted a serious head wound upon Gawain, yet he still cared for his fellow knight and could not kill him. In a later in the battle, Gawain's head wound reopened and as he lay dying, he learned of Mordred's treason. He alerts Arthur of this and also admits his foolish pride in his quest for vengeance against Lancelot. He was buried at Dover. Learn More: EBK: Gawain; Stories: Dame Ragnell, Culhwch ac Olwen, and The Greene Knight (The poem in original language). The Show (Stargåte SG-1) ~ Through the legends of Sir Gawain, Daniel learns the gate address of Vagonbrei. He makes the connection between Sir Gawain to Gwalchmei in the text of Culhwch and Olwen and says that Gawain visited Gwlad Gan Brenhinol Gwir (Welsh "Land of Royal Truth"), which when translated into Ancient is Verus Gen Bree, aka, Vagonbrei. In a text from Merlin’s library, Daniel finds an illustration of Gawain’s sword, which has Vagonbrei’s gate address engraved on it. The text also says that Morgan Le Fay once lived there in a cave overlooking the village (1002 – Morpheus).

Ghost in the Machine Philosophy ~ BRITISH/FRENCH ~ This term was coined by British philosopher Gilbert Ryle in his 1949 book The Concept of Mind, as a response to René Descartes' theory of Dualism. Descartes (1596–1650) was one of the first modern thinkers to come up with the idea of Dualism (It had been speculated upon by Zoroaster/Zarathustra [an ancient Iranian prophet and religious poet], Plato, and Aristotle). Descartes suggested the body is similar to a machine, which follows the laws of physics; and that the mind/soul is an entity that does not follow the laws of physics. Descartes proposed that the mind/soul controls the body, and that the body could also influence the mind. However, the problem with Descartes’ theory is: how could a nonmaterial mind interact with a material body. It would seem that the only possible explanation for this is supernatural. Ryle explains away Descartes’ supernatural dilemma in that the theory was hypothesized in a time before biological science was fully understood. He put forth that the mind does not need to be regarded as separate entity. "This "ghost in the machine", as Ryle called it, is totally unnecessary in accounting for the existence of a mind as long as we restrict our definition of mental activity to potentially observable behavior (qtd. Southwell, PhilosophyOnline)." Learn More: Ordinary Language Philosophy: Gilbert Ryle. The Show (Stargate Atlåntis) ~ Koracen, an Asuran scientist on Weir's ship, believes he has found a way for them to reach an equivalent of ascension; in that they could upload their minds to subspace, allowing their consciousnesses to indefinitely exist as energy fields. However, they begin to miss their bodies and head to Atlantis, where Asuran-Weir haunts the Atlantean mainframe and then commandeers a freshly made body of FRAN ("Friendly Replicator ANdroid") (505 - Ghost in the Machine).

Giza Geography ~ ANCIENT (and Modern) EGYPT ~ (Called "Rostau" or "Rosetau" in Middle Egyptian [the language used in the ancient times]) The location of the pyramids built by Pharaoh Khufu (Fourth Dynasty; Greek: Cheops) (His is the northern most and called "The Great Pyramid"), his son, Pharaoh Khafre (Greek: Chephren), and Pharaoh Menkaure (Greek: Mycerinus) (His pyramid is the smallest and the southern most). Giza is also the location of the Great Sphinx, which sits in front of Khafre’s pyramid. Click on the following to see pictures of Giza: Guardian’s Giza and go here to learn more: NOVA Online/Pyramids/History of Giza. The Movie (StarGate ©1994) ~ The Giza plateau is where the Stargate was buried. Catherine Langford’s father was the head of the archaeological expedition that unearthed it in 1928.

Gemini Myth ~ GREECE ~ Another name for the Dioscuri (Dios Kouroi, "Sons of Zeus"), Castor and Pollux (or Polydeuces), the sons of Leda and Zeus. They are the brothers of Helen of Troy and Clytemnestra. Castor was a gifted horseman and Polydeuces was a renowned boxer. They rescued Helen from Paris during the Trojan War, and were Argonauts. The Dioscuri helped Peleus when he attacked and razed Iolcus, in revenge against Queen Astydameia. The nephews of Leucippus (Idas, and Lynceus) killed Castor in battle as vengeance for the abduction of Phoebe and Hilaeira (daughters of Leucippus). Zeus offered Polydeuces immortality. Polydeuces asked if he could share the immortality with Castor and Zeus agreed. Thus, they interchange days between Olympus and in Hades. The Show (Stargåte SG-1) ~ Carter was replicated by Fifth. RepliCarter tells the SGC that Fifth and the rest of the Replicators are coming to destroy Earth. She asks that the SGC destroy her with the Disruptor Gun. RepliCarter meets SG-1 on the Alpha Site. She has human Carter’s memories and thought patterns. She tells them that Fifth had modified himself and the rest of the Replicators to be immune to the Disruptor Gun. She says that she has severed the subspace link between herself and the rest of the Replicators, and that she wants to help destroy them by helping to modify the Replicator disruptor technology. However, she learns how to protect herself against it and then destroys Fifth and the rest of the Replicators (811 – Gemini).

Genii Language ~ ENGLISH ~ In the English language, Genii is the plural of Genius. Religion/Folklore ~ ARABIAN/MUSLIM/PERSIAN ~ (Translation: "Spirit") A Genii (also Jinn, Djin, Djinn, Jinun or as Genie to the Western world) is a magical being, and are often referred to as the "concealed ones." They were demons that possess supernatural powers. If they were evil they were ugly, but if they were good, they were attractive. In the Qur'an (55:15), Allah (God) created them from smokeless fire. Allah created the Genii several thousand years before He created man. According to some versions, Jann was the first Genii, although others say al-Harith was the first. Iblis (also known as: Azazel, Enais, or Shaitan) was the leader of the Shaidan (Shaytans) group of Geniis. Some versions say, as Cain was the first evil human, Iblis was the first evil Genii. The Genii were made from fire; thus, they were not immortal (they can be killed), which makes them lower than Angels in the hierarchical order. Most importantly, the Genii have free will where Angels do not. There are three classes of Genii: the Ghul (treacherous shape-shifters; lives in graveyards and is a personification of the terror of the desert), the 'Ifrit (ruthless, enormous winged creature of smoke; lives underground and frequents ruins), and the Si'la (female spirits of constant form). Genii usually live in inanimate objects, such as stones, trees, or ruins, or live within the earth, in the air, or in fire. Most Genii were shape-shifters and often took on human or animal forms to influence mortals to do good or evil. A person indebted to a Genii would be swiftly punished if they did not follow the Genii's many complicated rules. The Genii appear in several pieces of literature. In the Old Testament, King Solomon used a diamond ring that he used to call up Geniis to aid his armies in battle. "A person dying in a state of great sin may be changed into a jinni in the period of a barzakh, separation or barrier (Mythica)" (Barzakh: literal translation: "Interval;" meaning "A limit or boundary separating two things" and, by extension, purgatory). They also appear in "The Thousand and One Nights" epic. The Genii, according to Persian mythos, live in a realm known as Jinnistan (Djinnestan). They are also said to make their home in Kaf, a range of emerald mountains that surround Earth. Genii also appear in North African, Egyptian, Syrian, Persian (Iranian), and Turkish folklore. The Show (Stargate Atlåntis) ~ The Genii are a race of Amish-like farmers that Teyla introduces to the SGA. The SGA hopes to trade with them for food. Sheppard offers them antibiotics, to which they decline, however they agree to trade food for C4 explosives (under the impression that they will use it to clear stumps) in addition to the medicine. On the way back to the village from the Stargate, Sheppard and McKay get lost and come across a barn, in which they find a (somewhat poorly) hidden hatch door (the Wraith must be allergic to straw!). The hatch leads underground. There the SGA finds that the Genii are not the simple farmers that they initially represented themselves to be. The Genii was originally a large federation of planets until the Wraith decimated them. They took refuge in large underground bunkers originally from long forgotten wars. There they have made slow but steady technological advancements. Beneath the surface they have a massive military instillation in which they are trying to build an atomic bomb to kill the Wraith. Members of the Genii are: Cowen (their leader), Sora, and Tyrus (Sora's father) (108 – Underground). The Genii send Commander Acastus Kolya and a strike team to invade Atlantis in retribution for the so-called double cross on the Wraith ship and SGA's capture of the Genii's Wraith technology. Kolya's strike team is defeated. It is not known if they recaptured the Wraith technology that Atlantis took from them (110/111 – The Storm/The Eye). Ladon has become their new leader (217 – Coup D'Etat). After the Althosians are forced to leave the city by Helia, Ladon Radim offers an alliance with them (310 - The Return).

Glastonbury Tor History ~ GREAT BRITAIN ~ (Tor "Conical Hill") Avalon was a legendary island, famous for its apples, is thought to be present day Glastonbury Tor. You are probably thinking, "Hey, Glastonbury Tor isn’t an island, it’s a hill." Well, it used to be an island. The land around Glastonbury Tor is called Somerset Levels (and Moors) and is a fen (an area of former wetlands, once similar to Florida’s Everglades). The fen is at and slightly above sea level. Drainage had been attempted in the13th and 17th century, but was not completely successful until the early 20th century. In 1191, King Henry II commissioned abbot Henry de Blois to search for Arthur. He found, under 16 feet (or 5 m) of earth, the alleged coffin of Arthur and Guinevere. It was made out of oak and bore the inscription: Hic jacet sepultus inclitus rex Arthurus in insula Avalonia ("Here lies King Arthur in the island of Avalon"). It was reburried at Glastonbury Abbey. Learn More: Glastonbury Tor | ancient landscape, National Trust: Glastonbury, and EBK: Glastonbury Tor, Somerset (archaeology). The Show (Stargåte SG-1) ~ Daniel says that the Tor maybe hollow and contains Avalon, and that it is shielded with Ancient technology. They use Asgard sensors on the Prometheus to find it, half mile underground with no surface entrance (901/902 -- Avalon).

Grannus Myth ~ ANCIENT CELTIC (Gaul) ~ (Grian "Sun") Also called Gramnos, Gramnnos; possibly related to the Irish Grianainech (meaning "Sun-Face;" epithet of Oghma); also possibly the same as the God, Borvo ("To Boil;" God of Mineral/Hot Springs and Healing). Grannus was a God of Healing and associated with mineral springs. He was married to Sirona ("Star"), a fertility goddess. He was the father of Dia Griene (Deò-ghrèine; "Ray of Sunshine"). His cult center Aquae Granni (present day Achen, Germany). Was often compared to and combined with Apollo. The Show (Stargåte SG-1) ~ Caius, a former con-artist and one of Vala’s friends, is a monk of Grannus at his shrine. Grannus was one of Camulus’ former lieutenants and was recently executed by his own Jaffa. Some humans still believe in his divinity. Caius will trade the power coil (Ring of Shen-Marak) for his cargo ship (904 -- The Ties That Bind).

Green Lantern Pop Culture ~ USA ~ Green Lantern is a comic book, where a person from many planets in the universe are given a power ring, thus becoming members of the Green Lantern Corps. ~ Harold "Hal" Jordan is a human from Earth and one of the many to wear the power ring and become a member of the Green Lantern Corps. ~ Guy Gardner also wielded the power ring of the Green Lantern Corps. Gardner was Jordan’s alternate/substitute. A splinter group of six Guardians planned the creation of a small, new Green Lantern Corps during the "Crisis on Infinite Earths," which Gardner was the first member to be chosen. ~ The Guardians also chose John Stewart, a Detroit architect, as another substitute for Jordan. As the Green Lantern, he didn’t wear the mask. ~ Jordan quit being the Green Lantern after the destruction of the Central Power Battery (during which all but one of the Guardians had been killed) on the planet Oa. The last Guardian once again offered the power ring to Gardner, who declined. Kyle Rayner was then chosen to be the next Green Lantern. To Learn More: The Unofficial Green Lantern Corps Web Page. The Show (Stargåte SG-1) ~ Dr. David Jordan was Daniel Jackson’s archaeology professor (Deceased; gas leak explosion). ~ Sarah Gardner is a colleague of Daniel’s and an assistant to Dr. Jordan. She unintentionally released Osiris from his jar and unwillingly became his host. ~ The Stewart Expedition went to Egypt in 1931. During this expedition, the Isis and Osiris Jars were found. ~ Steven Rayner is also a colleague of Daniel’s who worked on the research of the Stewart Expedition (413 – The Curse). Anubis’ plan to use Daniel to translate the Ancients’ map to a "place of great power" backfired (See Chimera). Osiris was captured and removed from Sarah. Sarah recovered; Osiris’ fate unknown (715 – Chimera).

Guinevere Myth ~ ARTHURIAN LEGEND (Wales, England, France) ~ (Welsh: Gwen "Fair, White" Hwyfar "Smooth") Guinevere is the exceedingly beautiful wife of King Arthur. There are four versions of who her father is: by Welsh tradition, King Ogrfan Gawr (the Giant) of Castell y Cnwclas (Knucklas Castle); by Germanic tradition, King Garlin of Galore; by Geoffrey of Monmouth, a Roman noble; and by Malory, Lleudd-Ogrfan (Leodegrance/Leodegan, the previous owner of the Round Table) of Cameliard. Originally, she was one of the "three great queens at Arthur’s court"—the Triple Gwenhwyfar. In this form, she could be considered a triple-goddess (one of the Mothers/Mamau) similar to Morrígan or to Hecate-Artemis-Selene of Greek Tradition. She could also be considered to be a personification of Sovereignty. Guinevere also has an identical sister, Gwenhwyfach ("Gwenhwy the Lesser" or "False Guinevere"). Guinevere was also said to have had two affairs. In some versions, the affairs were willing; while in others, they were forced. One was with Mordred while Arthur was away in Gaul, fighting the Romans. Mordred and Guinevere ruled Camelot jointly. This affair (or perhaps her feud with her sister) was the catalyst for the Battle of Camlann. Guinevere’s most famous affair, however, is with Sir Lancelot. This affair was the reason that Lancelot was not able to attain the Grail. When Arthur hears of the affair, he reluctantly sentences her to burn at the stake, however, Lancelot saves her. Learn More: Arthurian-Legend.com - Queen Guinevere and The Page o' Guinevere (aka All The Gwen You Could Ever Want). The Show (Stargåte SG-1) ~ Merlin mistakes Carter for her (1011 – The Quest).

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